Adult Education Essay Example for Free

Adult Education EssayAdults dont learn in the similar way as children do because their personality structure is almost fully developed at that stage in their lives, along with a series of habits and practices that demand been acquired during their lifetime. Therefore, the learning process must take into account how an adult perceives not exclusively what is being taught, but also themselves this includes, but is not limited to considering their preceding learning experiences, considering their temporal perspective especially when it comes to short term application of what is being taught, and matching education to their problems, lacks, interests and expectations. The principles of adult education are 1)Adults leave only learn when they want to. Simply put, no adult will learn under pressure. They must be motivated to want to acquire new experience or skills that will help them in their work or day-to-day life. Thus, their desire to learn ordure decrease or increase depe nding on the get and methodology that is being used. 2)Adults only really want to learn that which will help them in the short term. Adults will only learn when they feel they need to. Basically, any attained knowledge will only make sense if the adult can see the applicability of what is being learned 3)Adults learn by doing.No adult enjoys being fed vast amounts of theory with little or no practice. As we grow older, we much prefer a hands-on approach to things. The learning will be much more effective if we can take an active role in the learning process. Thus its all-important(a) to encourage objective discussion both in analyzing the problem and coming up with a solution. 4)Adults will only learn by solving problems they can associate with their reality. They focus on real world problems and practical assimilation of what is being taught. 5)Experience will interfere in adult education.Thus, any new selective information being presented must be integrated with their own exper ience. 6)Adults learn better in an informal environment. They require a more relaxed atmosphere one that will stimulate them to participate, 7)Adults need feedback. its important that learning process provide adults with constructive feedback, through self-evaluation questionnaires and activities. 8)Adults require a variety of teaching methods. The use of audiovisual materials is super recommended with use of interactive activities such as role-playing, mock classes and presentations from the students.

Charles Dickens Diary for Writing Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Charles Dickens Diary for Writing Great Expectations EssayI cannot provided thoroughly criticize the lackadaisical social and moral abuses in this country. The will to take action has urged me to write Great Expectations in order to assail the awe-inspiring conditions that exist in England. In this apologue, my dear characters are idealized in order to heavily contrast with the ugly social truths that I reveal. For it is fully my bearing to raise the awareness of these corrupting and unjust conditions that we so nonchalantly live with. Oh what a pity A grief indeed, that the once innocuous and simple whisk may be transformed into the snobbish and opinionated character he becomes. For what was the reason for Pips unexpected transformation? Of course, it is naught but the social-class function that feeds the desire of selfish ambition.Here in England, the social-class determines how a person is treated and his access to education. This or so discriminatory attitude is displ ayed when the otherwise indifferent tailor obsequiously attends to Pip after hearing of his fortune despite turning a cold shoulder to him earlier. Is m acey enough to turn a man into a mouse? Why is it that charisma does not command respect but pounds and shillings? After attaining a vast amount of wealth, Pip even begins to treat his appressed friend and protector, Joe, with a superior transmission line. Was Joe not plenty a gentle and fair to Pip? Had Joe been an inadequate friend? Absolutely not, twas being Pip straightway belonged to a higher social class. Not only does social standing determine how one was treated daily, but also played an unfair and wicked part in court reasoning in our society.In the case of the two convicts, the main perpetrator, a gentlemen, stated in his defense speech ..here you has afore you, post by side, two persons as your eyes can separate wide one, the younger, well brought up one the elder, ill brought up which is the worst one? The most incr edulous and vile aspect is not the use of an ad hominem, but the court promptly basing the entire decision of the trial strictly on this avouchment regarding social appearance. I assure you, this is not uncommon at all in this country. Trials and disputes are unfairly biased and integrity comes strengthen in arm with class and money rather than logic and proof.Ah Though it is true that social class plays an enormous role in everyones lives, it all but affects ones character. Ones character is still left intact despite the obstructive society divide. An honest but poor man nowadays shall unquestionably hold more truth than a sly rich man. Alas, sadly this is far from the case today. The secondary reason that had prompted me to write this novel was the physical condition of London. Being a local resident of London, I bore firsthand witness to the effects of industrialization. At the cost of clean air and green living space, London transformed into a merchant city full of jobs and p eople.O how I do miss the crisp clean palm of the countryside. This sentimentality was the reason that provoked me to write about the descriptive settings and bustling activities within the city. Not to mention the crowded condition people lived in, primitive sewage and poor working conditions. As a result, I am not particularly fond of aristocrats and express this through my characters. Through them, I expose the cancerous social norms such as Magistrates courts and the social divide. As well, my reminiscent memories of familiar settings and my want to explore the conditions in the city have compelled me to write this novel. The end reaping cannot help but evoke a sense of awareness and social conscientiousness from the reader.

Mineral Mapping of the Chitradurga Schist Belt

Mineral Mapping of the Chitradurga Schist knockingMineral mapping of the Chitradurga Schist Belt A outback(a) detecting approach to delineate latent resourcesIntroductionThe Optimum utilization of natural resources is major and important objective of a Country. yet the Policy makers making decisions about allocating land use to reach the competing demands sources the reliable in shaping of these natural resources very important prerequisite as it enables decision- making agencies to opine prospective benefits from different uses of the land and prioritize them based on social and economic needs of the society. It is easy to map the surface exposed spatial info such as water body, soil, forests etc where as other natural resources such mineral deposits occur below the land surface and cannot map directly, but it accomplishable to map mineral potential zones.For many developing countries, however, there is a general lack of geoexploration data required for a reliable and compre hensive nationwide mineral potential assessment and classification. This lack of geoexploration data and nationwide comprehensive mineral potential assessment and classification have brought about conflicts and competing demands between land-uses that appropriate mineral resources development and those that promote protection of ecosystems (Domingo, 1993). The mineral potential assessment and classification of an argona is critical for land-use policymaking so that prospective land is not estrange from mineral resources development in the future (McCammon and Briskey, 1992 McL atomic number 18n, 1992). In order to achieve mineral potential assessment and classification despite the lack or inexperience of systematic and comprehensive geoexploration data knacks alternative methodologies are needed.The term mineralization refers to the collective geological processes that lead to the formation of mineral deposits (Bateman, 1951b) The term mineral potential describes the possibility of the battlefront of mineral deposits or mineralization. Mineral potential assessment or classification is a multi-stage activity with the ultimate objective of delineating mineralised zones that can be exploited chthonic prevailing economic conditions (Reeves et al., 1990).Mineral potential assessment or classification is a multi-stage activity with the ultimate objective of delineating mineralized zones that can be exploited at a lower place prevailing economic conditions (Reeves et al., 1990). Ideally, during each stage, multivariate and multi-source geoexploration datasets are used to guide the succeeding stages of mineral potential assessment and classification. At the small and medium-scale stage (i.e., regional to district scale ranging from 150,000 to 1100,000), for example, the geoexploration datasets required should be derived from geological, geophysical and geochemical surveys. The increasing need to integrate geoexploration datasets arises from the fact that the ea sily-recognized mineral deposits have long been cognise and that more evidences and advanced methods are necessary to accurately assess and classify the mineral potential of a particular area (Bonham-Carter, 1997 Chinn and Ascough, 1997 Raines, 1997 Pan and Harris, 2000).Mineral potential, as used in this research, is the set of characteristics attributed to a particular area that describes the probability for the presence of mineral deposits or existence of mineralization. Factors affecting economic viability of mineral deposits are not considered in this definition because the geological and mineral deposit data that are available are in ample to determine sizes and grades of mineral deposits. Mineral potential is set by how well thegeological and mineral deposit data fit established mineral deposit models and existing knowledge about the mineralization of a particular area. Mineral potential statements that arise from this research are estimates, instead than facts, because of the dynamic and variable nature of geological knowledge and the mineral exploration environment. It is, however, of height importance that these statements establish the potential for the discovery of mineral deposits.The geologically-constrained predictive mineral potential maps generated in this research are based on two factors favourability and validity. Favourability is determined by integration of geological variables that are considered essential for mineral occurrence. Validity is determined by how well the predictive models delineate correctly known mineral deposits that were not used to generate the models. These two factors are important for assessing the efficacy of the methodologies developed for geologically-constrained predictive mapping of mineral potential. Mineral deposits, whether metalliferous or non-metalliferous, are accumulations or con- centrations of one or more useful substances that are for the most part sparsely distributed in the Earths crust (Bateman, 1951a). The geological processes that lead to the formation of mineral deposits are collectively called mineralization (Bateman, 1951b).The term mineral potential describes the possibility of the presence of mineral deposits or mineralization. Mineral potential does not take into depend economic factors such as deposit grade, tonnage, physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics, nature and thickness of overburden, availability of man power and technology, market demand, etc., as these are typically cabalistic during mineral potential mapping. Mineral potential mapping of an area involves demarcation of potentially mineralized zones based on geologic features that exhibit significant spatial friendship with target mineral deposits. These features, which are termed recognition criteria, are spatial features indicative of various genetic earth processes that acted conjunctively to form the deposits in the area. Recognition criteria are well-nightimes directly observable mo re often, their presence is inferred from their responses in various spatial datasets, which are appropriately processed to enhance and extract the recognition criteria to obtain important or predictor maps.Remote sensing, as a direct adjunct to field, lithologic and structural mapping, and more recently, GIS have played an important role in the excogitate of mineralized areas. A review on the application of conflicting sensing in mineral resource mapping is attempted here. It involves understanding the application of conflicting sensing in lithologic, structural and alteration mapping. Remote sensing becomes an important tool for locating mineral deposits, in its own right, when the primary and secondary processes of mineralization result in the formation of spiritual anomalies. Reconnaissance lithologic mapping is usually the first step of mineral resource mapping. This is complimented with structural mapping, as mineral deposits usually occur along or adjacent to geologic st ructures, and alteration mapping, as mineral deposits are commonly associated with hydrothermal alteration of the surrounding rocks. In addition to these, understanding the use of hyper spiritual remote sensing is crucial as hyperspectral data can help identify and thematically map regions of exploration interest by using the distinct ingress features of most minerals. Finally coming to the exploration stage, GIS forms the perfect tool in integrating and analyzing various georeferenced geoscience data in selecting the best sites of mineral deposits or rather good candidates for further exploration.Spectral identification of potential areas of hydrothermal alteration minerals is a common application of remote sensing to mineral exploration. The extraction of spectral selective information related to this type of target from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery has been achieved through the use of image processing techniques such as band ratioing and principal region analysis (PCA) (Sabine 1999). With the limited spectral resolution provided by Landsat TM, alteration mapping has been restricted to the detection of areas where alteration processes are likely to have occurredthe TM plain and near-infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands are only able to discriminate areas rich in iron oxides/hydroxides and clay and carbonate minerals, respectively.When one collects multivariate data in some field of application a redundancy effect often arises because of covariation between variables. An interesting issue in reduction of dimensionality of the data is the desire to obtain chasteness for better understanding, visualizing and interpreting the data on the one hand, and the desire to retain sufficient detail for adequate representation on the other hand. E.g. a remote sensing device typically measures the emitted intensity at a twist of discrete wavelengths or wavelength intervals for each element in a regular grid. This repeating of the measurement a t different wavelengths induces a high degree of redundancy in the dataset. This can be used for affray reduction and data compression. A traditional method used in this context is the celebrated principal components shifting. This is a pixel-wise operation that does not take the spatial nature of image data into account. Also, principal components will not always produce components that show decreasing image quality with increasing component number. It is perfectly imaginable that certain types of noise have higher variance than certain types of signal components.Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a mathematical technique for reducing the dimensionality of a data set (Jackson, 1983). Because digital remote sensing images are numeric, their dimensionality can be reduced using this technique. In multi-band remote sensing images, the bands are the pilot program variables. Some of the original bands may be highly gibe and, to save on data storage space and computing time, such b ands could be combined into new, less correlated eigen images by PCA. In addition to its use in this way, PCA can be used as a change detection technique in remote sensing (Jensen, 1986 Fung and LeDrew, 1987 Muchoney and Haack, 1994). Principally, there are two ways in which PCA can be used in change detection (Jensen, 1986 Muchoney and Haack, 1994)1. Independent data transformation analysis in which multitemporal image data sets are spectrally enhanced separately using PCA. Each image is then separately classified for use in post classification change detection.2. Merged data transformation in which all the bands from the n dimensional multitemporal image data set are registered and hardened as a single N dimensional data set as input to the PCA (where n is the number of bands per image, N = n x the number of image dates). Approach two is applied in this influence, which assessed wetland change on the Kafue Flats in Zambia. The aim was to assess the potentials and limitations of using PCA for change detection on this complicated land cover scene. Whereas the methodology is not new and has been demonstrated elsewhere (e.g. Fung and LeDrew, 1987), this is yet another example demonstrating its use. Computationally, three steps are involved in the principal component transformation (Eklundh and Singh, 1993). The first is the calculation of a covariance or correlation matrix using the input data sets, the second is the calculation of eigen determine and eigen vectors, and the third is the calculation of principal components. The principal components calculated using the covariance matrix are referred to as unstandardized principal components, and those calculated using the correlation matrix are referred to as standardized principal components (Eklundh and Singh, 1993 ERDAS Inc., 1994). The use of a correlation matrix, in calculating principal components, implies scaling of the axes so that each feature has unit variance. This normalization process prevent s certain features from dominating the analysis because of their large numerical values. Because unstandardized PCA preserves the dynamic range of the original data in the analysis, it was employed in this work in preference over standardized PCA.Broad band remote sensing systems, such as the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS, 4 bands) and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM, 7 bands), Drastically under sample the information content available from a reflectance spectrum by making only a few measurements in spectral bands up to several hundred nanometers wide. Imaging spectrometers, on the other hand, a sample at close intervals (bands on the order of tens of nanometers wide) and have a sufficient number of spectral bands to allow construction of spectra that closely resemble those measured on the laboratory instruments. Imaging spectrometry is defined as the simultaneous acquision of images in many narrow, contiguous spectral bands ( Goetz et al., 1985). Analysis of imaging spectrometer d ata allows data allows extraction of detailed spectrum for each picture element (pixel) of the image. High spectral resolution reflectance spectra collected by imaging spectrometers allow direct identification ( and in some instances. Abundance determinations) of individual materials based upon their reflectance characteristics including minerals( Goetz et al., 1985 Lang et al., 1987 Pieters 1994 Clark et al., 1996 display board man and Huntington, 1996 Crowley and Zimbelman,1996),

Expression of Cathepsin-D in Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors

Expression of Cathepsin-D in Odontogenic Cysts and TumorsThe expression of cathepsin-D in odontogenic cysts and tumors an immunohistochemical studyAbstractAim Cathepsin-D, a protease, which is an attack promoter and plays a central role in solid tumors including viva cancer. Our aim of the study was to look for their expression pattern in epithelium and stroma of odontogenic cysts and tumors and correspond their aggressiveness to the detection intensity.Methods To elucidate the expression patterns of this marker, we examined immunohistochemically on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded sections of 24 odontogenic cysts and 10 odonogenic tumors, which are received for histopathologic examination in the part of oral pathology, the Oxford Dental college and hospital, Bangalore.Results The epithelium of granular stallphone ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst showed maximum staining, with spillage of stained material in the connective tissue wall and at the musical interval of e pithelium to capsule in odontogenic keratocyst, compare to other cysts and tumors.Conclusions Cathepsin-D could be one of the enzyme important in disengagement of epithelium and connective tissue in odontogenic keratocyst which helps in recurrence and overwhelming expression in granular cell ameloblastoma with spillage into stroma, compare to other odonogenic tumors may explain its aggressive behavior, recurrence and metastatic potential. To come on validate our findings it is suggested to use to a greater extent(prenominal) sample size and monoclonal antibody for cathepsin-D.Key words Cathepsin-D, odontogenic cysts, odontogenic tumors, immunohistochemistry.INTRODUCTIONOdontogenic cysts and tumors constitute an important aspect of oral and maxillofacial pathology. Odontogenic cysts are encountered relatively common in dental practice and tumors by contrast are uncommon lesions. These lesions are of clinical significance because of their biological behavior. Various attempts to categorise morphological features to relate the biological activity take for been made over the years1. It is well established that the cysts of histologenic labeling of odontogenic keratocyst are more aggressive tending to be charter more like a sub-malignant tumor1-6. It has also been suggested that cysts other than odontogenic keratocyst showing keratinization if not more locally aggressive tend to have a pre-disposition to neoplastic change7.There have been attempts to correlate follicle size with aggression in ameloblastoma and morphologically different granular cell variant has been known to be more clinically aggressive, showing metastatic potential8. Numerous studies on the enzyme histochemistry of odontogenic cysts and tumors have been conducted over the years for the expression of oxidative enzymes NADH2 and NADPH2, G6PD, glutamate dehydrogenase, acid phosphates, leucineamino peptidase and ATPase9, 10. The epithelial lining of all the varieties of cysts showed a weak re ception for leucineamino peptidase a lysosomal protease, but there was a strong positivity in the lamina propria of odontogenic keratocyst. Similar studies on follicular ameloblastoma have showed ATPase activity in the circumferential and central cells of the follicle9. Based on these we made an attempt to study the expression of cathepsin-D in odontogenic cysts and tumors, by grouping them into locally aggressive and non-aggressive based on their clinical and radiographic features.Cathepsin-D is a proteolytic enzyme that belongs to a family known as aspartic proteases. M whatsoever homologies in the amino acid sequence have been shown to exist among the members of this group of enzymes, which includes pepsin, gastricin and rennin. bid other enzymes cathepsin-D has been shown to be synthesized in the precursor form. The enzyme itself is a glycoprotein of approximate molecular weight 52 KD and has an optimum pH of 3.5. Cathepsin-D was present in many of the commonplace tissue incl uding epithelium, fibroblast and macrophages11. The physiologic role of cathepsin-D is believed to be involved in self-destruction of senescent or damaged epithelial cells12. As cathepsin-D is an intracellular lysosomal aspartic protease asunder from its role in protein catabolism through the degradation of endocytosed protein. Cathepsin-D has attracted clinical attention because of its over expression in variety of diseases. Increased levels of these enzymes have been inform to be an indicator of aggressive behavior in human tumors including oral squamous cell carcinoma13.MATERIALS AND METHODSTissue used in the study was biopsy material submitted to department of oral pathology, The Oxford Dental College, Hospital and Research centre, Bangalore. Total sample size taken was from 34 patients which comprised of 9 Ameloblastoma (1 plexiform unicystic ameloblastoma), 7 odontogenic keratocyst, 1 adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, 11 Radicular cysts and 6 Dentigerous cysts which were groupe d into locally aggressive and non aggressive based on their clinical and radiologic features like size and extent of lesion, peripheral cortication, scalloping and root resorption.*This particular radicular cyst was an extensive lesion extending from the maxillary eyetooth to the third molar extending into and destroying the maxillary sinus and had caused root resorption from canine to second molar without causing any bony expansion. The initial clinical printing was that of a malignancy arising in the maxillary sinus.METHODOLOGYFormalin fixed paraffin embedded sections of odontogenic cysts and tumors were stained by hematoxylin and eosin stain, the serial sections of the same was study by Immuno histochemistry procedure using cathepsin-D and observed under the microscope for the intensity of cathepsin-D staining expression or non- expression. Controls were prepared by omitting primary antibody.A grading dodge for intensity of expression was devised and used.Antibody usedPolyclon al rabbit anti-human primary cathepsin-D, 7ml ready to use (DAKO Corporation N1625). DenmarkBiotinylated anti-mouse, anti-rabbit, anti-goat Igs, LINK/secondary antibody, 15 ml ready to use. (DAKO LSAB+ system, K0679).Streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. (DAKO LSAB+ system, K0679).Liquid Diamino benzidine chromogen.OBSERVATION AND RESULTSAll odontogenic cysts and tumors were observed for intensity of cathepsin-D stain in epithelium and stroma/ connective tissue capsule by categorized into mild, moderate and attach staining. Statistical analysis was done using students T test. Table 1 shows number of cases in which cathepsin-D shows mild, moderate and marked staining in various epithelial forms and stroma. Table 2 shows statistical relation of staining intensity of cathepsin-D in each layer and stroma/capsular wall between each odontogenic cysts. Table 3 shows statistical relation of staining intensity of cathepsin-D in each layer and connective tissue stroma between each odontogenic tumors.DISCUSSIONThe idea of immunohistochemistry staining for a lysosomal protease cathepsin-D in odontogenic cysts and tumors of varying biological behavior pattern was with the hope that it could make to a better understanding of metabolic processes that are responsible for that behavior. traditionally we have always focused on the epithelium in odontogenic cysts and epithelial tumors. Much like the mesmerizing effect of giant cells in giant cell lesions, the epithelium in odontogenic cysts and epithelial tumors has held a magnetic quality for research workers. The epithelial component dictates the diagnosis, but the role of connective tissue wall and the stromal cells in tumors has not always been given due consideration. The epithelium is not always at the advancing front of these lesions as is especially seen in case of cysts. In this study in appurtenance to the epithelium we also looked at the expressivity of cathepsin-D in the connective tissue and stroma l cells.In granular cell ameloblastoma we observed marked staining pattern in the cytoplasm of the granular cells, often spilling into the connective tissue which may contribute to the aggressive nature of the lesion and its propensity for metastasis (Fig 1a 1b). As compared to the granular cell ameloblastoma other odontogenic tumor types such as follicular, unicystic, plexiform ameloblastoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (Fig 2a 2b) showed less eager staining pattern and the staining was restricted to cytoplasm of these epithelial cells with minimal stromal staining. unconnected from the granular cell ameloblastoma we could not derive any correlation between clinical behaviour and cathepsin-D expression. Among the 3 cyst types we found a characteristic epithelial staining pattern in odontogenic keratocyst in comparison to radicular and dentigerous cysts. Among 7 odontogenic keratocyst only one case showed superficial granular staining of the epithelial cells with no separati on of epithelium from connective tissue. In all other cases we observed granular staining through the full thickness of the epithelium, more in the basal and supra-basal layers, with intense/marked staining at the region of separation of epithelium from connective tissue with granular staining pattern in separation zone (fig 3a 3b).In dentigerous cysts there was only superficial staining of epithelium. The radicular cysts showed uniform staining in the entire length of epithelium (fig4). In the one radicular cyst which was clinically more aggressive a similar pattern of staining was observed. Though the epithelial staining in radicular cysts was almost similar to that seen in odontogenic keratocysts we did not find any airfields of cleavage between epithelium and connective tissue. In the odontogenic keratocyst the staining pattern though similar to the radicular cysts, in the area of split the staining was very intense, and just about stained material was noticed in the space bet ween the epithelium and the connective tissue leading to the speculation that the increased expression may contribute to the split, which may have prognostic consequences in terms of recurrence by way of cleaving of epithelium at the time of attempted enucleation or biopsies .In addition to variations in staining patterns of the epithelial lining of the different types of cysts, their walls showed variation in staining from the epithelial end to the bony end .All the cyst types showed expressivity in the spry sub-epithelial region as well as the bony end of the cyst wall. The intensity of staining progressively increased from the dentigerous cyst through the radicular cyst to the odontogenic keratocyst. The arbitrate zone showed relatively scanty expression. This pattern of increasing expression seemed to correlate with increasing aggression. The one radicular cyst grouped in the list of aggressive lesion showed intense staining in the most peripheral areas similar to that seen in the odontogenic keratocyst. All the inflammatory cells seen in connective tissue wall and keratin of the surface layer and granules of granular layer of odontogenic cysts showed intense staining.To the best of our knowledge this is the first study on expression of cathepsin-D in odontogenic cysts and tumors although studies on various other lysosomal enzymes like leucineaminopeptidase etc have been published. Hence it may be presumptuous on our part to make claims on the role of cathepsin-D in aggressive behaviour of odontogenic cysts and tumors, however that there is recognizable variation in expression would suggest that additional efforts in the area may help to understand the metabolic processes that lead to aggressive behaviour. Another area open for exploration is precystic epithelium as in the case of periapical granulomas and the role of these enzymes in cystogenesis.Acknowledgements Dr. Srivasta MDS (for statistical analysis).Professor, Sri Rajiv Gandhi Dental College and hospital, R T Nagar, Bangalore-94.

The Key Thinkers in Sociology

The Key Thinkers in SociologyTalcott Parsons (1902-79) was a key functionalist thinker. He suggested a special type of sociology called functionalism. He said that the function of any issue is the job that it does. Functionalists see familiarity as a social system made up of interrelated and inter-dependent institutions, such as education, work, religion, law, the family. The overall function of these institutions is to maintain social order. The nuclear family is suggested by the functionalist sociologists as the norm in modern industrial societies, and that it has a number of functions that contribute to the well-being of the orderliness. The family is the primary agent of socialisation. It socialises unexampled members by teaching them crude norms and values. The family create consensus and order. Parsons (1995) argued that families are personality factory they produce children who shared same norms and values and have unattackable sense of belonging to society.There are crit icisms of the functionalist attitude of the family. The idea that the family benefits all individuals has been strongly attacked, mostly by feminist sociologists, who argue that the family is only there to exploit and oppress women. They believe that the rosy harmonious family demeanor painted by functionalist ignores social problem such as increases in divorce rate, child abuse and domestic violence. The analyses are based on bourgeoisie and American versions of family liveness, and they didnt add some other influences such as ethnicity, social class, religion. They also see children as passive recipients of culture and this view under-estimates the role of children in families. In conclusion, functionalist thinking of the family suggests that biological needs patronize the nuclear family, even when there is no scientific evidence to support this view.Feminism is the sociological perspective which examines society from the perspective of women. It contrasts with traditional s ociology, which was dominated by men and male concerns. There are at least four types of feminists who identify different reasons for womens un contact fact in society. They are the Marxist feminists who argued the relationship between capitalism and family, private property and the house wife role. The liberal feminist duels on the lack of equal opportunities in society. The radical feminists talk about patriarchy this predates capitalism and present in most cultures. The difference feminists in its theory claim that certain groups of women mightiness have unique situation that disadvantages them. womens rightists have been highly critical of the family, unlike other critics they have tended to stress the harmful effects of family life upon women. This has led them to the maturement of new perspectives and highlighted new issues. They have for example, introduced the study of areas of family life such as housework and domestic violence into sociology. They have challenged the vi ews about the inevitability of the male potence in families and questioned the views that family life is becoming egalitarian (becoming equal). Feminists have also highlighted the economic contribution made by women domestic proletariat within the family. Their theory has gained the guardianship sociologists to see the family as an institution involving power relationship. They have challenged the image of the family life as being based on cooperation, shared interests and love. It has shown that men obtain greater benefits from families than others. Some feminists have come out to question why other feminists should condemn family life. Some have also argued that feminists should recognise the various improvements in family life for women over the past years. All feminists, however, argue that family life still disadvantages women.The Marxist theory of the family developed from the work of Karl Marx (1818-1883). Marx believed society was made up of two fundamental parts, the ec onomic base or infrastructure and the superstructure, which includes the family. By economic base, Marx means the capitalist system of production and the capitalist class structure, whereas by the superstructure, Marx means the other institutions of society, the family, the education system, the mass media, the religious system, the political system and the legal system. He argued that the economic base influences the organisation of the institutions of the superstructure so that they operate to maintain the capitalist system.Federich Engels (1884) was a close friend and colleague of Marx. He believed that early society was based on a primitive form of communism. There was no such thing as private property, wealth was communally owned, there were no rules limiting sexual behaviour and undiscriminating sexual behaviour was the norm. The society was the family. Engels believed that a monogynous nuclear family became more important as private property became more important in society . Property was owned by males and they needed to be indisputable of the legitimacy of their heirs (inheritors), and marriage was the best the best solution. This increased control over women or patriarchy.The criticism against Marxism is that there is a considerable working class support for the family and it is difficult to explain this if the family is a source of working class onerousness. Families have some successions helped their members to cope with the injustices of the capitalist system. There has being active opposition to the capitalist system, although such opposition occur only in a minority of families.According to Talcott Parsons (1950), family structure changed as society industrialised. Families in Britain have changed over the centuries. It has changed from protracted family to nuclear family. The extended family was during the pre-industrial society. People needed to have lots of relatives with them to share the familys work (such as running a farm) and to supp ort them in sickness and disused age. The big change came with the Industrial Revolution bringing in the nuclear family. The period of Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) was when modern industry based on factories developed, and plurality moved in large numbers from country areas to new industrial cities. Before the Industrial Revolution, it was difficult to separate home and the whole family worked together. As time changes, it was men who went to work and women just stayed home to do the cooking and cleaning. juvenility and Willmott carried out studies of working-class families in London in the 1950s and 1960s. They found strong extended family networks in Bethnal Green, East London. The most important characteristic of British family today is diversity. The different types of family are the nuclear family it is made up an bounteous man, adult woman and their child or children. The lone parent families are one parent, father or mother and his or her child or children. Reconstitu ted families are new family created after divorce through a second marriage, with stepparents and stepchildren. Co-habitation family is a name for people who live under same roof. The presence of minority ethnic groups (afro-Caribbean families and the Asiatic families) has also contributed to the diversity of Britains families.A study by Young and Willmott (1973) found that joint role had replaced separate roles in the home with tasks and decision making like a shot shared. But Ann Oakley (1974) criticised this view and argued that separate roles still exist in the home. Stephen Edgell (2000) found that in the middle class, women had sole responsibility for financial decisions in relatively profitless areas such as home decorating and children clothing. The decisions on major spending were made jointly.Evidence suggests that many women have dual burden of labour, home and work responsibilities. Sociologists bloody shame Boulton suggests that women have additional emotional role i n the home. She called it a triple burden. Studies conducted in the 90s by sociologists showed that the role of father was changing. They are more likely to come across to the birth of their babies and play greater role in childcare than in the 60s. Burghes (1997) says fathers are now more actively involved in the emotional culture of their children. The reason for this, according to Beck (1992) is that father can no longer rely on jobs to provide a sense of identity, they rely more on their children for that.Feminist have highlighted the influence of patriarch ideology on the way both husbands and wives perceive their respective situations. Ann Oakleys study, The Sociology of Housework (1974) involve forty housewives, six were employed foreign the home. She found that middle class husbands gave more help with childcare than with housework. Oakleys survey has been backed by subsequent surveys. The above finding contradicts the optimistic view of Young and Willmott. Their picture of symmetrical family in which husband and wife share their work was based on responses to only one question.Functionalists see the sexual division of labour at home as biologically inevitable. Marxist feminist argue that the housewife role serves the need of capitalism. Radical feminists believe like Delphy (1984) that the first oppression is the oppression of women by men.

Apathy in Ithaca :: Ithaca Essays

Apathy in Ithaca In Ithaca, the depth of Joyces irony is displayed. The denouement of this odyssey is perfect for this story, while at the same time leaving us with the exact reverse of the resolution in the tale the book proclaims to emulate. Odysseus public apotheosis parallels Blooms private shame. The concise question and answer change which Ithaca adopts, found no where else in the book, is refereed to by many critics as reminiscent of a catechism. The description is well deserved given the overt religious themes in Ulysses. The almost mathematical precision of the text in juxtaposed with gut wrenching emotion surrounding infidelity. The parallels that one can draw between the characters of Ulysses and the Odyssey atomic number 18 perhaps the deepest in Ithaca while the themes and undertones of the work drift further apart. The attempt at a father-son relationship between Bloom and Dedalus is never more seeming as they converse, and fail to converse. Bloom plays the role of a cuckold almost too well, objectifying in Stephen that which he himself lacks. Of Dedalus, Bloom notes Confidence in himself, an equal and opposite power of abandonment and recuperation. (Joyce, Ulysses 550) This is a far cry from the Dedalus depicted anywhere in the novel. Bloom is looking to Dedalus as a father who dreams his son give accomplish more than he ever could, and in as much he is disillusioned. The depiction of the scene in Ithaca is one of mathematical precision, and it should strike as odd the amount of opinion and emotion underlying many of Blooms assumptions. He assumes Dedalus refusal to wash is the incompatibility of aquacity with the erratic originality of genius, (550) and that his silence implies that me must be composing rhyme to himself. These two men typify the thematic essence of father and son, and in doing so, they destroy the preconceived notions left in the wake of Telemachus and Odysseus. No longer is the adhesive ness of father and son to be understood as a bloodthirsty quest for familial vengeance. No, it is replaced with a pair so opposite that they have vigor to discuss but the weather. Not even the violation of Blooms marriage bed could bring these two to arms.

The Significance of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s The Joy

The Significance of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Amy Tans The blessedness Luck ClubIn her novel The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan tells of the get laids of foursome Chinese immigrant start outs, their hopes, their dreams and the way each of their daughters feel about their mothers lives. Mother-daughter relationships are the basis for the entire story. Tan shows the hardships each mother experiences as a child and young adult, and how they all want better lives for their daughters. She shows the struggles between the mothers and the daughters these struggles result from many different things, from the cultural gap, to dreams and goals that may have been set in addition high. Each daughter knows her mother means well, but this does non make the battles any easier. Through careful details Amy Tan shows readers the significance of each of the four mother-daughter relationships in the novel, how each daughter is slowly but surely becoming her mother. Even though Suyuan Woo is not aliv e her story is told through her daughter, Jing-mei June Woo. In the beginning of the novel readers witness June realizing how little she really knows about her mother and her heritage when she joins the other members of the club her mother founded called Joy Luck. Jing-mei struggles with the division between who she is and who her mother wants her to be. Only two kinds of daughters. She shouted in Chinese. Those who are obedient and those who follow their own mind Only one kind of daughter can live in this house. Obedient daughter. (153) Suyuan yells this when Jing-mei refuses to practice the piano after her embarrassing performance in the talent show. She wants her mother to realize that she doesnt have to be a sense datum to be special, but Suyuan do... ...y knew that in the U.S. children would be able to choose whom they married and which career they wanted to pursue. Each mother had wanted to tell her children the events she had endured but did not feel the children would appr eciate the stories for their full value. For many years, the mothers did not tell their daughters their stories until they were sure that their wayward offspring would listen, and by then, it is almost too late to make them empathize their heritage that their mothers left behind, long ago, when they left China. The mothers knew their children must be old enough to understand what the meaning of their travels to the United States meant to them. They came to this country with many hopes and dreams, not scarce for themselves but for the children they would soon raise. Works CitedTan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. New York Random House, 1989.