Anatomy and Histology of the Small and Large Intestine

Anatomy and Histology of the Small and Large Intestine MACROSCOPIC FEATURES Small Intestine The small bowel is a specialized tubular structure within the abdominal cavity in continuity with the bear proximally and the colon distally. The small bowel increases 20 times in space with aging, from 200 cm in the newborn to almost 6 m in the adult, and its length is approximated by three times the length of the infant, or height of the child or adult. 1 The duodenum, the most proximal portion of the small catgut, begins at the duodenal bulb, travels in the retroperitoneal space around the head of the pancreas, and ends on its return to the peritoneal cavity at the ligament of Treitz. The death of the small intestine is suspended within the peritoneal cavity by a thin, broad-based mesentery that is attached to the screwing abdominal wall and allows free movement of the small intestine within the abdominal cavity. The proximal 40% of the mobile small intestine is the jejunum, and the re maining 60% is the ileum.The jejunum occupies the left upper portion of the abdomen, and the ileum is positioned in the remedy abdomen and upper part of the pelvis. No distinct anatomic demarcation exists between jeju-num and ileum. Visual scrutiny of the luminal surface of the small intestine reveals mucosal folds, the plicae circul atomic number 18s. More numerous in the proximal jejunum, the plicae circulargons lower in number in the distal small bowel and are absent in the end ileum. Aggregates of lymphoid follicles are scattered throughout the small intestine but are found in highest concentration within the ileum, where they are designated Peyers patches.Peyers patches normally are more prominent during infancy and childhood than they are in adulthood. The small bowel is in continuity with the colon at the ileocecal valve, which comprises two semilunar lips that commence into the cecum. The ileocecal valve provides a barrier to the retrograde flow of colonic contents into the small intestine. This barrier appears to be a function of the angulation between the ileum and cecum that is maintained by the superior and inferior ileoceal ligaments,2 and a true tonic, sphincter-type shove does not appear to be present in this region.Colon and Rectum The colon is a tubular structure around 30 to 40 cm in length at birth in the full-term infant. In the adult, the colon measures 1. 5 m, about one quarter of the length of the small bowel. The diameter of the colon is great in the cecum (7. 5 cm) and narrowest in the sigmoid (2. 5 cm). The colon is continuous with the small intestine proximally at the ileocecal valve and ends distally at the anal verge ( Fig. 93-1 ).The external appearance of the colon differs from that of the small bowel, because the longitudinal muscle fibers of the colon coalesce into three discrete bands called teniae, located at 120-degree intervals about the colonic tour tenia liberis, tenia omentalis, and tenia mesocolica. The teniae s tart at the base of the appendix and extend continuously to the proximal rectum. Outpouchings of the colon, the haustra, are found between the teniae. Semilunar folds characterize the mucosa between the haustra. Sacs of peritoneum filled with adipose tissue, the appendices epiploicae, are found on the surface of the colon.